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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">inform</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Информатика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Informatics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1816-0301</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2617-6963</issn><publisher><publisher-name>UIIP NASB</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37661/1816-0301-2025-22-3-7-24</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">inform-1363</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБРАБОТКА СИГНАЛОВ, ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЙ, РЕЧИ, ТЕКСТА И РАСПОЗНАВАНИЕ ОБРАЗОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SIGNAL, IMAGE, SPEECH, TEXT PROCESSING AND PATTERN RECOGNITION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Алгоритм обнаружения патологии легких на рентгеновских снимках с использованием бинарной классификации с акцентом на предварительную обработку</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Algorithm for lung pathology detection in X-ray images using binary classification with emphasis on preprocessing</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9911-4356</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павленко</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Paulenka</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Павленко Дмитрий Анатольевич - аспирант (соискатель), ведущий инженер-программист, лаборатория анализа биомедицинских изображений.</p><p>ул. Сурганова, 6, Минск, 220012</p><p><ext-link xlink:href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dzmitry-Paulenka" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dzmitry-Paulenka</ext-link></p><p>https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=2AX0it0AAAAJ</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dzmitry A. Paulenka - Postgraduate Student, Lead Software Engineer, Laboratory of Biomedical Images Analysis, The United Institute of Informatics Problems of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus.</p><p>Surganova st., 6, Minsk, 220012</p><p>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dzmitry-Paulenka</p><p>https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=2AX0it0AAAAJ</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dmitri.pavlenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Косарева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kosareva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Косарева Александра Андреевна - младший научный сотрудник, лаборатория анализа биомедицинских изображений.</p><p>ул. Сурганова, 6, Минск, 220012</p><p><ext-link xlink:href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alexandra-Kosareva-3" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alexandra-Kosareva-3</ext-link></p><p>https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57934126700</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandra A. Kosareva - Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Biomedical Images Analysis, The United Institute of Informatics Problems of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus.</p><p>Surganova st., 6, Minsk, 220012</p><p><ext-link xlink:href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alexandra-Kosareva-3" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alexandra-Kosareva-3</ext-link></p><p>https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57934126700</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kosarevaaleksandra4317@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9843-0839</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Снежко</surname><given-names>Э. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Snezhko</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Снежко Эдуард Витальевич - кандидат технических наук, заведующий лабораторией анализа биомедицинских изображений.</p><p>ул. Сурганова, 6, Минск, 220012</p><p>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eduard-Snezhko</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Eduard V. Snezhko - Ph. D. (Eng.), Head of the Laboratory of Biomedical Images Analysis, The United Institute of Informatics Problems of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus.</p><p>Surganova st., 6, Minsk, 220012</p><p>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eduard-Snezhko</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">eduard.snezhko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8154-5875</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалев</surname><given-names>В. A.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalev</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ковалев Василий Алексеевич - кандидат технических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник.</p><p>ул. Сурганова, 6, Минск, 220012</p><p><ext-link xlink:href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vassili-Kovalev-2" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vassili-Kovalev-2</ext-link></p><p>https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=-osN7dIAAAAJ</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vassili A. Kovalev - Ph. D. (Eng.), Leading Researcher, The United Institute of Informatics Problems of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus.</p><p>Surganova st., 6, Minsk, 220012</p><p>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vassili-Kovalev-2</p><p>https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=-osN7dIAAAAJ</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vassili.kovalev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Объединенный институт проблем информатики Национальной академии наук Беларуси</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The United Institute of Informatics Problems of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>24</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Павленко Д.А., Косарева А.А., Снежко Э.В., Ковалев В.A., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Павленко Д.А., Косарева А.А., Снежко Э.В., Ковалев В.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Paulenka D.A., Kosareva A.A., Snezhko E.V., Kovalev V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://inf.grid.by/jour/article/view/1363">https://inf.grid.by/jour/article/view/1363</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Ц е л и</title><p>Ц е л и. Осуществляется автоматическое обнаружение поражений легких: полостей, инфильтратов и узелков – на рентгеновских снимках грудной клетки. Также исследуется возможность пространственной локализации этих поражений на изображении.</p></sec><sec><title>М е то д ы</title><p>М е то д ы. Используются бинарная классификация при помощи глубоких сверточных нейронных сетей и метод Grad-CAM.</p></sec><sec><title>Р е з у л ь т а т ы</title><p>Р е з у л ь т а т ы. Для модели Xception точность бинарной классификации на тестовом наборе данных составляет: 73,1 % для полостей, 71,9 % для инфильтратов и 72,8 % для узелков. Тепловые карты с истинно положительными результатами для полостей и узелков в основном понятны радиологам.</p><p>Чтобы получить понятные экспертам тепловые карты для инфильтратов, необходимо провести дополнительные исследования.</p></sec><sec><title>З а к л ю ч е н и е</title><p>З а к л ю ч е н и е. Средняя точность классификации модели Xception для трех типов поражений (полости, инфильтраты и узелки) равна 72,6 %. Были построены тепловые карты, связанные с патологическими процессами в легких и локализацией поражений. Полученные результаты являются хорошими, но не отличными. Таким образом, необходимо провести дальнейшие исследования для повышения точности классификации и качества тепловых карт.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>O b j e c t i v e s</title><p>O b j e c t i v e s. The purpose of the work is automatic detection of lung lesions: cavities, infiltrates, and nodules on chest X-ray images. Also, the possibility of spatial localization of these lesions on the image is investigated.</p></sec><sec><title>M e t h o d s</title><p>M e t h o d s. Binary classification using deep convolutional neural networks and the Grad-CAM method are used. Re s u lt s. For the Xception model, the binary classification accuracy on the test dataset is 73.1% for cavities, 71.9% for infiltrates, and 72.8% for nodules. Heat maps with true positive outcomes for cavities and nodules are mostly understandable to radiologists. More research is needed to get heat maps for infiltrates that are understandable to experts.</p></sec><sec><title>Co n c l u s i o n</title><p>Co n c l u s i o n. The average classification accuracy of the Xception model for three lesion types (cavities, infiltrates, and nodules) is equal to 72.6%. Heat maps associated with pathological processes in the lungs and lesion localization were constructed. Obtained results are good, but not excellent. Thus, further investigation should be done to improve the classification accuracy and quality of the heat maps.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обработка медицинских изображений</kwd><kwd>анализ изображений</kwd><kwd>поражения легких</kwd><kwd>глубокое обучение</kwd><kwd>бинарная классификация</kwd><kwd>автоматизированная диагностика</kwd><kwd>рентгенография грудной клетки</kwd><kwd>метод Grad-CAM</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>medical image processing</kwd><kwd>image analysis</kwd><kwd>lung lesions</kwd><kwd>deep learning</kwd><kwd>binary classification</kwd><kwd>computer-aided diagnosis</kwd><kwd>chest X-ray</kwd><kwd>Grad-CAM</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке: проекта ISTC-PR150 «Белорусская база данных по туберкулезу и туберкулезный портал»; проекта БРФФИ № Ф22КИТГ-001 «Целевая терапия кальцификации, опосредованной циклическими пептидами, и ранняя визуализирующая диагностика рака легких»; ГПНИ «Цифровые и космические технологии, безопасность человека, общества и государства 2021‒2025», подпрограмма «Цифровые технологии и космическая информатика», задание 1.1.3. Особая благодарность выражается врачу-рентгенологу Олегу Владимировичу Тарасову за ценную экспертизу во время проведения исследований, а также Андрею Габриэляну за полезные вопросы и отзывы.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out with the financial support of the ISTC-PR150 "Belarus TB Database and TB Portal" project and BRFFR project No. Ф22КИТГ-001 "Targeted cyclic peptide-mediated calcification therapy and early imaging diagnosis of lung cancer". The work was carried out with the funding of the State Program of Scientific Research "Digital and Space Technologies, Human, Society and State Security 2021-2025", subprogram "Digital Technologies and Space Informatics", task 1.1.3. Special thanks to the radiologist expert Oleg V. Tarasov for his valuable expertise during the research. Special gratitude to Мr. 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