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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">inform</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Информатика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Informatics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1816-0301</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2617-6963</issn><publisher><publisher-name>UIIP NASB</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37661/1816-0301-2025-22-2-63-80</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">inform-1322</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LOGICAL DESIGN</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Масштабирование управляемых вероятностных тестов с применением матриц Адамара</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Scaling controlled random tests based on Hadamard matrices</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ярмолик</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yarmolik</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ярмолик Вячеслав Николаевич, доктор технических наук, профессор</p><p>ул. П. Бровки, 6, Минск, 220013</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vyacheslav N. Yarmolik, D. Sc. (Eng.), Prof.</p><p>st. P. Brovki, 6, Minsk, 220013</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yarmolik10ru@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевченко</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shauchenka</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шевченко Николай Алексеевич, студент</p><p>Каролиненплац, 5, Дармштадт, 64289</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikalai A. Shauchenka, Student</p><p>Karolinenplatz, 5, Darmstadt, 64289</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nik.sh.de@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петровская</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrovskaya</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Петровская Вита Владленовна, магистр технических наук</p><p>ул. П. Бровки, 6, Минск, 220013</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vita V. Petrovskaya, M. Sc. (Eng.)</p><p>st. P. Brovki, 6, Minsk, 220013</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vita.petrovskaya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Белорусский государственный университет информатики и радиоэлектроники</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Дармштадтский технический университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Technical University of Darmstadt</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>63</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ярмолик В.Н., Шевченко Н.А., Петровская В.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ярмолик В.Н., Шевченко Н.А., Петровская В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yarmolik V.N., Shauchenka M.A., Petrovskaya V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://inf.grid.by/jour/article/view/1322">https://inf.grid.by/jour/article/view/1322</self-uri><abstract><p>Цели. Решается задача двухмерного масштабирования управляемых вероятностных тестов небольшого размера, задающих исходные шаблоны, с помощью матриц Адамара. Показывается ограниченность применения классических подходов генерирования тестов, основанных на перечислении кандидатов в тестовые наборы. С повышением пороговых значений мер различия двоичных тестовых наборов увеличивается вычислительная сложность построения таких тестов. Главной целью настоящей статьи является развитие методов построения тестов на базе исходных шаблонов путем их расширения до требуемой разрядности на основании применения формальных правил.Методы. Для двухмерного масштабирования исходных шаблонов с заданными пороговыми значениями расстояния Хэмминга применяются матрицы Адамара и рекурсивная процедура Сильвестра для их построения. При проведении экспериментальных исследований использовался метод статистических испытаний.Результаты. Показано, что методы построения управляемых вероятностных тестов, основанные на использовании шаблонов, можно рассматривать как процедуру масштабирования управляемых вероятностных тестов до требуемой их разрядности. Для построения искомых тестов используются как шаблоны, характеризующиеся минимальной разрядностью наборов, так и любые управляемые вероятностные тесты. Сама процедура характеризуется как одномерное масштабирование, которое увеличивает разрядность тестовых наборов, но сохраняет их количество. С целью одновременного увеличения разрядности наборов и их количества предлагается метод, основанный на двухмерном масштабировании шаблонов с применением матриц Адамара. Это позволяет строить управляемые вероятностные тесты без трудоемкой процедуры перечисления кандидатов в тестовые наборы и вычисления для них значений меры (мер) различия. Показано, что уникальное свойство ортогональности матриц Адамара с ростом их порядка позволяет достигать отношений среднего значения расстояния Хэмминга между тестовыми наборами к их разрядности, близких к 1/2. Отмечено, что характеристики исходных шаблонов несущественно влияют на характеристики результирующих тестов, построенных с применением матриц Адамара, которые получены на основании рекурсивной процедуры Сильвестра. Работоспособность и эффективность предложенного подхода к построению управляемых вероятностных тестов оценены для случая тестирования запоминающих устройств. Показано, что управляемые вероятностные тесты, построенные с применением матриц Адамара, имеют заметно большую покрывающую способность по сравнению с вероятностными тестами.Заключение. Рассмотрен метод генерирования тестовых наборов при формировании управляемых вероятностных тестов с использованием матриц Адамара. Основой предложенного метода является двухмерное масштабирование исходных шаблонов с применением указанных матриц. Показано, что использование различных шаблонов и их двухмерное масштабирование позволяют строить управляемые вероятностные тесты с требуемой разрядностью тестовых наборов и большим их количеством</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objectives. The problem of constructing controlled random tests is solved by two-dimensional scaling of initial templates using Hadamard matrices. The limitations of classical approaches to generating test patterns based on enumeration of candidates for test patterns are shown. With an increase in the threshold values of the difference measures of binary test patterns, the computational complexity of constructing such tests increases. The main goal of this article is to develop methods for constructing tests based on initial templates and their expansion to the required bit size based on the application of formal rules.Methods. For two-dimensional scaling of initial templates with specified Hamming distance thresholds, Hadamard matrices and the Sylvester recursive procedure for their construction are applied. The experimental research employed the method of statistical trials.Results. It is demonstrated that methods for constructing controlled random tests based on templates can be viewed as a procedure for scaling controlled random tests to the required bit size. Both templates characterized by the minimum bit size of patterns and any controlled random tests are used to construct the desired tests. The procedure itself is characterized as one-dimensional scaling, which increases the bit size of patterns while maintaining their quantity. To simultaneously increase the bit size and quantity of test sets, a method based on two-dimensional scaling of templates using Hadamard matrices is proposed. This allows for the construction of controlled random tests without the labor-intensive process of enumerating candidate test patterns and computing their difference measure values. It is shown that the unique orthogonality property of Hadamard matrices, as their order increases, enables achieving ratios of the average Hamming distance between test patterns to their bit size close to 1/2. It is noted that the characteristics of the initial templates do not significantly affect the characteristics of the resulting tests constructed using Hadamard matrices obtained through the Sylvester recursive procedure. The feasibility and efficiency of the proposed approach to constructing controlled random tests are evaluated for the case of testing memory devices. It is demonstrated that controlled random tests constructed using Hadamard matrices have significantly higher coverage capability compared to random tests.Conclusion. An approach for generating test patterns in the formation of controlled random tests using Hadamard matrices is considered. The proposed approach is based on two-dimensional scaling of initial templates using these matrices. It is shown that the use of various templates and their two-dimensional scaling allows for the construction of controlled random tests with the required bit size of test patterns and a larger number of them</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>управляемые вероятностные тесты</kwd><kwd>двоичный тестовый набор</kwd><kwd>мера различия символьных наборов</kwd><kwd>расстояние Хэмминга</kwd><kwd>матрицы Адамара</kwd><kwd>процедура Сильвестра</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>technical diagnostics</kwd><kwd>controlled random tests</kwd><kwd>binary test pattern</kwd><kwd>measure of difference of  symbol sets</kwd><kwd>Hamming distance</kwd><kwd>Hadamard matrices</kwd><kwd>Sylvester procedure</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">An orchestrated survey on automated software test case generation / S. Anand, E. Burke, T. 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