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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">inform</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Информатика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Informatics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1816-0301</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2617-6963</issn><publisher><publisher-name>UIIP NASB</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37661/1816-0301-2022-19-3-25-39</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">inform-1205</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LOGICAL DESIGN</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Канонизация графов при декомпиляции транзисторных схем</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Canonization of graphs during transistor circuits decompilation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черемисинов</surname><given-names>Д. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Cheremisinov</surname><given-names>D. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Черемисинов Дмитрий Иванович, кандидат технических наук, доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник </p><p>ул. Сурганова, 6, Минск, 220012</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry I. Cheremisinov, Ph. D. (Eng.), Associate Professor, Leading Researcher </p><p>st. Surganova, 6, Minsk, 220012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">cher@newman.bas-net.by</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черемисинова</surname><given-names>Л. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Cheremisinova</surname><given-names>L. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Черемисинова Людмила Дмитриевна, доктор технических наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник </p><p>ул. Сурганова, 6, Минск, 220012</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ljudmila D. Cheremisinova, D. Sc. (Eng.), Professor, Chief Researcher </p><p>st. Surganova, 6, Minsk, 220012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">cld@newman.bas-net.by</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Объединенный институт проблем информатики Национальной академии наук Беларуси</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The United Institute of Informatics Problems of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>39</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Черемисинов Д.И., Черемисинова Л.Д., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Черемисинов Д.И., Черемисинова Л.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Cheremisinov D.I., Cheremisinova L.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://inf.grid.by/jour/article/view/1205">https://inf.grid.by/jour/article/view/1205</self-uri><abstract><p>Цели. Разрабатываются средства распознавания (экстракции) высокоуровневой структуры в транзисторной схеме, которые позволяют получить представление на уровне логических элементов, эквивалентное исходному плоскому описанию на транзисторном уровне. Получение такого представления существенно снижает время выполнения проверки топологии и служит основой для перепроектирования интегральных схем и обратного инжиниринга для обнаружения несанкционированных вложений.Методы. Предлагаются графовые методы и программные средства распознавания топологически эквивалентных транзисторных схем, позволяющие разбить множество подсхем на классы. Задача сводится к проверке изоморфизма помеченных графов, задающих схемы на транзисторном уровне, путем их канонизации и сравнения канонических маркировок. Исходная плоская и полученная двухуровневая транзисторные схемы представляются в формате SPICE.Результаты. Предложенные методы реализованы на языке C++ как часть программы декомпиляции транзисторных схем для случая, когда искомая библиотека логических элементов заранее неизвестна. Предложенный метод канонизации помеченных графов используется при распознавании топологически эквивалентных подсхем среди функционально эквивалентных подсхем, реализующих логические элементы; разбиении множества подсхем, не распознанных как логические элементы, на классы топологически эквивалентных; верификации результатов экстракции иерархической схемы на транзисторнологическом уровне относительно плоской схемы на транзисторном уровне.Заключение. Программа декомпиляции была протестирована на практических схемах транзисторного уровня. Показано, что она имеет достаточное быстродействие, чтобы обрабатывать схемы более чем со 100 тыс. транзисторов за несколько минут на ПЭВМ.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objectives. The objective of the work is to develop the means for recognition (extraction) of high-level structures in circuits on transistor level. This allows to obtain a representation on logical level, equivalent to original flat description on transistor level. Obtaining such a representation significantly reduces the time to perform VLSI topology check, but also provides the basis for reengineering of integrated circuits and reverse engineering for detecting unauthorized attachments.Methods. Graph based methods and software tools are proposed for recognizing topologically equivalent transistor circuits, which makes it possible to divide the set of subcircuits into topologically equivalent classes. The problem is reduced to checking the isomorphism of labeled graphs defining circuits on transistor level by canonizing them and comparing canonical labeling. The original flat and resulting two-level transistor circuits are presented in SPICE format.Results. The proposed methods are implemented in C++ as a part of a transistor circuit decompilation program for the case without predetermined cell library. The proposed method of canonization of labeled graphs is used: to recognize topologically equivalent subcircuits among functionally equivalent subcircuits that implement logical elements; to split the set of subcircuits not recognized as logical elements into classes of topologically equivalent ones; to verify the results of extraction of the hierarchical circuit at the transistor-logic level relative to the flat circuit at the transistor level.Conclusion. The decompilation program has been tested on practical transistor-level circuits. Experiments indicate that this tool is fast enough to process the circuits with more than one hundred thousand transistors in a few minutes on a personal computer.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экстракция транзисторных подсхем</kwd><kwd>КМОП-схемы</kwd><kwd>верификация</kwd><kwd>распознавание логических вентилей</kwd><kwd>изоморфизм графов</kwd><kwd>формат SPICE</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>transistor subcircuit extraction</kwd><kwd>CMOS circuits</kwd><kwd>VLSI layout verification</kwd><kwd>logical gates recognition</kwd><kwd>graph isomorphism</kwd><kwd>SPICE format</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baker, R. J. CMOS Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation / R. J. Baker. – Third ed. – Wiley-IEEE Press, 2010. – 1214 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baker R. J. CMOS Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation. 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